Systems, methods, and apparatuses for decompression using hardware and software

ABSTRACT

Detailed herein are embodiments of systems, methods, and apparatuses for decompression using hardware and software. For example, in embodiment a hardware apparatus comprises an input buffer to store incoming data from a compressed stream, a selector to select at least one byte stored in the input buffer, a decoder to decode the selected at least one byte and determine if the decoded at least one byte is a literal or a symbol, an overlap condition, a size of a record from the decoded stream, a length value of the data to be retrieved from the decoded stream, and an offset value for the decoded data, and a token format converter to convert the decoded data and data from source and destination offset base registers into a fixed-length token.

FIELD

The various embodiments described herein relate to decompression techniques.

BACKGROUND

Snappy is one algorithm in the LZ77 family that is widely used in applications such as Hadoop Compression, BTRFS file-system, in data center usages such as index-servers and is also enabled in some browsers. In these usages, decompression latencies are critical to system performance.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The present invention is illustrated by way of example and not limitation in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which like references indicate similar elements, and in which:

FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of system for accelerated decompression.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of system for accelerated decompression.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a hardware accelerator.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a token format and tokens output from the accelerator.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a decompression method.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of fast path code.

FIG. 7A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-order pipeline and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of the invention.

FIG. 7B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment of an in-order architecture core and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution architecture core to be included in a processor according to embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 8A-B illustrate a block diagram of a more specific exemplary in-order core architecture, which core would be one of several logic blocks (including other cores of the same type and/or different types) in a chip.

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a processor 900 that may have more than one core, may have an integrated memory controller, and may have integrated graphics according to embodiments of the invention.

FIGS. 10-13 are block diagrams of exemplary computer architectures.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instruction converter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set to binary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodiments of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

In the following description, numerous specific details are set forth. However, it is understood that embodiments of the invention may be practiced without these specific details. References in the specification to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” “an exemplary embodiment,” etc., indicate that the embodiment described may include a particular feature, structure, or characteristic, but every embodiment may not necessarily include the particular feature, structure, or characteristic. Moreover, such phrases are not necessarily referring to the same embodiment. Further, when a particular feature, structure, or characteristic is described in connection with an embodiment, it is submitted that it is within the knowledge of one skilled in the art to affect such feature, structure, or characteristic in connection with other embodiments whether or not explicitly described.

Detailed below are embodiments to speed up decompression (e.g., of LZ77-based compression algorithms), using an efficient and novel partitioning of the computations between fixed-function hardware and software. Many of the embodiments below discuss the LZ77 “Snappy” algorithm, but apply equally well to other compression techniques in this family (e.g. LZF, LZ4) that are based on (similar) encoding formats. In general, LZ77 compression algorithms find repeated substrings and replace them with backward references (relative distance offsets). The compressed data consists of a series of elements of two types: literal bytes and pointers to replicated strings, where a pointer is represented as a pair <length, backward distance offset>.

The Snappy format consists of symbols that either represent a run of literal bytes, or a reference. The encoding starts with a tag or control byte that contains information on the type of symbol, length of literals or references, as well as some bits of the distance offset. The tag byte is followed by literals, or 1 or 2 distance offset bytes. In some (rare) cases of large history buffers or very long literal strings, additional bytes are present.

The decompression process consists of two main steps: 1) parse the input stream into tokens (literals or LZ77-copies) and 2) copy a specified number of bytes to an output stream. Current software methods to implement LZ77 decompression are limited by bad conditional data-dependent branches, load latencies and a number of instructions that affect the critical path of decoding a symbol. Since decompression is a serial process, the critical path is usually related to how fast one can resolve and start to process the next symbol.

In the embodiments discussed below, the first step above is performed in fixed-function hardware and the second step is done by software on a conventional processor. The focus below is on a critical portion of the LZ77 decompression and splits the problem efficiently between fixed-function hardware just for front-end parsing, and software for data copies. An intermediate token stream is defined that is very friendly for software performance by eliminating low confidence data-dependent branches, having a small number of instructions in the critical loop, and eliminating the current software critical path to get to the next symbol decode (by defining fixed-length tokens).

The post-processing software computation is split into a fast and slow path, and ensures the fast path achieves the highest speed on conventional cores. FIG. 1 illustrates an embodiment of system for accelerated decompression. In memory 103 (either volatile memory such random access memory (RAM) or non-volatile storage such as disk), a compressed LZ77 stream 105, an uncompressed LZ77 stream 107, and fast and slow processing code 109 are stored. The compressed stream 105 is an input into the accelerator 111 comprising an LZ77 encoded file. The uncompressed stream 107 is an output of the accelerator 111 and execution units 113. Typically, this stream includes a history of what has already been decoded. Code for processing the stream to direct both the accelerator 111 and execution units 113 is stored in fast and slow processing code 109. An example of this code is found in FIG. 6 to be discussed later.

The accelerator 111 generates fixed-length (e.g., 5-byte) tokens that represent a copy from history/output buffer or a copy from input stream (i.e., a set of literals). At times below, the accelerator 111 may be referred to as front-end hardware. The accelerator 111 reads in a LZ77 stream (compressed) and outputs a stream of tokens (i.e., not including the literal data) in a fixed-length format. The execution units 113 of the processor core 101 act as a back-end and use the tokens, the original stream, and the output stream (history) to generate the decoded output.

FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of system for accelerated decompression. In this example, the components are the same as in the previous figure, however, the accelerator 211 is outside of the processor core 101.

The accelerator output consists of a stream of fixed-length (5-byte) tokens. Most of the time, a LZ77 record will generate a single token. In rare instances, a record will generate two tokens which is handled by an exception case “slow-path” in the processor code. The token stream provides two offsets that are used by the processor code as offsets with respect to a source and destination base register for the mem-copy operations. Rather than have the code increment the addresses at each step in the iteration, the hardware accelerator provides a growing offset for the software's base address. At some point, when the offset becomes too large, an update token is sent to increment the base registers in the processor code. These update events are infrequent and do not affect performance or size of the intermediate stream appreciably; on the other hand they improve the performance of each iteration of the code as it is a tight/small loop.

FIG. 3 illustrates an embodiment of a hardware accelerator. For example, accelerator 111 or 211. In the illustrated example, there are two input staging buffers 301 each of 8 bytes in size. These input buffers 301 receive compressed data (such as Snappy compressed data). Of course, other buffers sizes may be used. The buffers 301 are advanced based upon a pointer provide by a decoder 305.

A selector 303 selects at least one byte from the input buffers based upon a current pointer in the decoded stream. In an embodiment, the selector 303 is an 8:1 multiplexor that selects up to 5 bytes from the buffers 301.

The decoder/offset ALU 305 decodes the selected bytes to determine several pieces of data including one or more of if the decoded data is a literal, symbol, causes an overlap condition (where the input and output streams overlap), the size of the LZ77 record (to be used in an update sync of the source and destination base registers), the length of the literal or symbol, and offsets for the literal or symbol. The decoder 305 also determines a next pointer for moving the buffer 301 along and to be used by the selector 303. The output of the decoder is stored in a LZ77 record register 311 in some embodiments.

An LZ77 to token converter 313 takes the output of the decoder 305 (and register 311) to generate a fixed-length token (e.g., 5 byte) including some of the decoded data. The converter 313 also takes in and updates relative source and destination offsets stored in base registers 315 and 317.

An output token register 319 stores a token until an output token accumulator 321 is ready to send it out.

FIG. 4 illustrates an embodiment of a token format and tokens output from the accelerator. 401 illustrates an overall format that includes fields for source offset, literal, update, long, overlap, length, and destination offset. Exemplary sizes and bit positions are shown, however, different sizes or placements may be used. Additionally, the field for length (“len/16”) is the length in 16 byte blocks and is in some embodiments “floor((len−1)/16)” as there is should be at least one block (unless on the slow path).

The destination/output address is specified as a destination offset (“dst_offset”) from a base pointer (where the base pointer is periodically updated with “update” records). This means that other than the case where the output of a copy is the input for the next record's copy, there are no dependencies between iterations

In most embodiments, the length of item to be copied is provided rounded up to 16-bytes. This enables a fast simple copy in processor code, instead of a slow byte-by-byte copy. However, in LZ77, one can have overlapping copies from a distance that is too close to the current pointer, which will need a slower copy. The accelerator detects these cases and sets the “overlap” bit flag. The length for literals in LZ77 (such as Snappy) encoding can be up to 2³² (4 GB), but most of the time they will be <61 bytes. The length for symbols is limited to 64 (i.e. <=64), but the distance back can be as large as the history window.

In the illustrated example, all of the copies are expressed as multiple of 16 bytes, however, other size may be used in some embodiments. The destination address will only advance by the length of the reference/literal-run, but it is typically efficient to copy larger fixed chunks as that is faster than variable byte-by-byte copies.

The source offset (“src_offset”) is a signed value. For a literal, it will normally be a positive value (with respect to an address register pointing to the original input stream). For a symbol, it would initially be a negative value with respect to the output pointer (i.e., an address register pointing to the output stream), but as output is written (without changing the output pointer), it could become a positive value.

Update indicates that the input and output address are to be updated by a delta, this synchronizes source and data pointers and is typically a large amount to add). Literal indicates if what is being processed is a literal or a symbol. Long indicates if there is large, uncompressible data that should be rare and calls for the slow path.

403 illustrates an example of a token for a symbol wherein the source offset is with respect to the output address. This means to copy the symbol with respect to the output pointer.

405 illustrates an example of a token for a symbol wherein the source offset is with respect to the output address where the copy output overlaps the input.

407 illustrates an example of a token for a literal wherein the source offset is with respect to the input address of the original compressed stream buffer. This means to copy the literal from the buffer.

409 illustrates an example where an update of the source and destination offsets are to be made and the delta for those updates.

411 illustrates an example of a token indicating a long literal where the length of the literal string is very large. There are two issues with this. The first is that the length/16 overflows 7 bits, so a larger length field is needed (an uncompressible amount of data). At the start of the copy operation, the offset fields (along with their associated base registers) are reasonably sized. The second issue is that after a copy operation, the output pointer has advanced by a “large” amount (i.e. an amount that could be significantly greater than what can be incremented by a normal “update” operation). Similarly, the base pointer into the original input stream will also have advanced by a “large” amount. To deal with this, there is a large value that is to be added to both of these base pointers after the copy operation completes (an implicit large update).

In the long literal case, the size is given (not the size/16). This determines the amount of data to be copied and is also the value to be added to the input and output base registers. In some embodiments, has a 17-bit input offset and an 8-bit length field. In some embodiments, the fixed-length of the tokens is defined to 8-bytes.

413 indicates a long symbol where the source offset cannot be expressed in the width of the field, even after an update.

FIG. 5 illustrates an embodiment of a decompression method. This method works in conjunction with the above described accelerator and consumes the output of that accelerator.

At 501, a record is loaded from a decoded stream. For example, a record is loaded from a LZ77 stream such as a Snappy stream. A first number of bytes are added to the loaded record pointer for the decoded stream at 503. For example, 5 bytes are added to the pointer of the loaded record. These steps allow for a record to be loaded from a decoded stream.

At 505, a signed value for a source offset is created.

A determination of if a slow path (not using the hardware accelerator) is to be used is made at 507. This determination uses a token output from the hardware accelerator to determine if a condition exists that does not allow for efficient use of the hardware accelerator. For example, is there a long, update, or overlap condition. If there is, then the slow path is used at 509, but this should be a rare occurrence.

If there is not such a condition, then at 511 a determination of if the decoded data is a literal is made. This information comes from the token supplied by the hardware accelerator. If it is a literal, then the source pointer for the data uses a base register storing as base pointer associated with the compressed (original) stream at 513. The base pointer is added to the signed source offset to create a loading address. If it is not a literal, then the source pointer is the base pointer associated with the decompressed output plus the signed source offset into the decompressed (output) stream at 515. Note that these base registers are present in either the accelerator or processor core.

At 517, the data from the decompressed or compressed stream is loaded based upon the source pointer at 517. The loaded data is stored as a chunk, e.g., 16 bytes, at 519. This method repeats until the compressed stream has been processed.

FIG. 6 illustrates an example of fast path code. The loop is performed for every symbol. The first two instructions (mov and add) load a record from a decoded stream. The next three instructions provide a signed value for the source offset. The next two instructions test for the conditions included in the token. If there are issues that prevent the fast path from being effective (long, update, or overlap set to 1, then the slow path is jumped to. The next three instructions (mov, test, and cmovnz) potentially switch the source pointer. Vmovdqu is a load, and the instructions that follow to the end of the loop are used to store a 16-byte copy.

Detailed below are exemplary core architectures, processors, and architectures that may utilize the above described embodiments.

Exemplary Core Architectures, Processors, and Computer Architectures

Processor cores may be implemented in different ways, for different purposes, and in different processors. For instance, implementations of such cores may include: 1) a general purpose in-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 2) a high performance general purpose out-of-order core intended for general-purpose computing; 3) a special purpose core intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput) computing. Implementations of different processors may include: 1) a CPU including one or more general purpose in-order cores intended for general-purpose computing and/or one or more general purpose out-of-order cores intended for general-purpose computing; and 2) a coprocessor including one or more special purpose cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput). Such different processors lead to different computer system architectures, which may include: 1) the coprocessor on a separate chip from the CPU; 2) the coprocessor on a separate die in the same package as a CPU; 3) the coprocessor on the same die as a CPU (in which case, such a coprocessor is sometimes referred to as special purpose logic, such as integrated graphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic, or as special purpose cores); and 4) a system on a chip that may include on the same die the described CPU (sometimes referred to as the application core(s) or application processor(s)), the above described coprocessor, and additional functionality. Exemplary core architectures are described next, followed by descriptions of exemplary processors and computer architectures.

Exemplary Core Architectures

In-Order and Out-of-Order Core Block Diagram

FIG. 7A is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary in-order pipeline and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline according to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 7B is a block diagram illustrating both an exemplary embodiment of an in-order architecture core and an exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution architecture core to be included in a processor according to embodiments of the invention. The solid lined boxes in FIGS. 7A-B illustrate the in-order pipeline and in-order core, while the optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustrates the register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution pipeline and core. Given that the in-order aspect is a subset of the out-of-order aspect, the out-of-order aspect will be described.

In FIG. 7A, a processor pipeline 700 includes a fetch stage 702, a length decode stage 704, a decode stage 706, an allocation stage 708, a renaming stage 710, a scheduling (also known as a dispatch or issue) stage 712, a register read/memory read stage 714, an execute stage 716, a write back/memory write stage 718, an exception handling stage 722, and a commit stage 724.

FIG. 7B shows processor core 790 including a front end unit 730 coupled to an execution engine unit 750, and both are coupled to a memory unit 770. The core 790 may be a reduced instruction set computing (RISC) core, a complex instruction set computing (CISC) core, a very long instruction word (VLIW) core, or a hybrid or alternative core type. As yet another option, the core 790 may be a special-purpose core, such as, for example, a network or communication core, compression engine, coprocessor core, general purpose computing graphics processing unit (GPGPU) core, graphics core, or the like.

The front end unit 730 includes a branch prediction unit 732 coupled to an instruction cache unit 734, which is coupled to an instruction translation lookaside buffer (TLB) 736, which is coupled to an instruction fetch unit 738, which is coupled to a decode unit 740. The decode unit 740 (or decoder) may decode instructions, and generate as an output one or more micro-operations, microcode entry points, microinstructions, other instructions, or other control signals, which are decoded from, or which otherwise reflect, or are derived from, the original instructions. The decode unit 740 may be implemented using various different mechanisms. Examples of suitable mechanisms include, but are not limited to, look-up tables, hardware implementations, programmable logic arrays (PLAs), microcode read only memories (ROMs), etc. In one embodiment, the core 790 includes a microcode ROM or other medium that stores microcode for certain macroinstructions (e.g., in decode unit 740 or otherwise within the front end unit 730). The decode unit 740 is coupled to a rename/allocator unit 752 in the execution engine unit 750.

The execution engine unit 750 includes the rename/allocator unit 752 coupled to a retirement unit 754 and a set of one or more scheduler unit(s) 756. The scheduler unit(s) 756 represents any number of different schedulers, including reservations stations, central instruction window, etc. The scheduler unit(s) 756 is coupled to the physical register file(s) unit(s) 758. Each of the physical register file(s) units 758 represents one or more physical register files, different ones of which store one or more different data types, such as scalar integer, scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point, status (e.g., an instruction pointer that is the address of the next instruction to be executed), etc. In one embodiment, the physical register file(s) unit 758 comprises a vector registers unit, a write mask registers unit, and a scalar registers unit. These register units may provide architectural vector registers, vector mask registers, and general purpose registers. The physical register file(s) unit(s) 758 is overlapped by the retirement unit 754 to illustrate various ways in which register renaming and out-of-order execution may be implemented (e.g., using a reorder buffer(s) and a retirement register file(s); using a future file(s), a history buffer(s), and a retirement register file(s); using a register maps and a pool of registers; etc.). The retirement unit 754 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 758 are coupled to the execution cluster(s) 760. The execution cluster(s) 760 includes a set of one or more execution units 762 and a set of one or more memory access units 764. The execution units 762 may perform various operations (e.g., shifts, addition, subtraction, multiplication) and on various types of data (e.g., scalar floating point, packed integer, packed floating point, vector integer, vector floating point). While some embodiments may include a number of execution units dedicated to specific functions or sets of functions, other embodiments may include only one execution unit or multiple execution units that all perform all functions. The scheduler unit(s) 756, physical register file(s) unit(s) 758, and execution cluster(s) 760 are shown as being possibly plural because certain embodiments create separate pipelines for certain types of data/operations (e.g., a scalar integer pipeline, a scalar floating point/packed integer/packed floating point/vector integer/vector floating point pipeline, and/or a memory access pipeline that each have their own scheduler unit, physical register file(s) unit, and/or execution cluster—and in the case of a separate memory access pipeline, certain embodiments are implemented in which only the execution cluster of this pipeline has the memory access unit(s) 764). It should also be understood that where separate pipelines are used, one or more of these pipelines may be out-of-order issue/execution and the rest in-order.

The set of memory access units 764 is coupled to the memory unit 770, which includes a data TLB unit 772 coupled to a data cache unit 774 coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 776. In one exemplary embodiment, the memory access units 764 may include a load unit, a store address unit, and a store data unit, each of which is coupled to the data TLB unit 772 in the memory unit 770. The instruction cache unit 734 is further coupled to a level 2 (L2) cache unit 776 in the memory unit 770. The L2 cache unit 776 is coupled to one or more other levels of cache and eventually to a main memory.

By way of example, the exemplary register renaming, out-of-order issue/execution core architecture may implement the pipeline 700 as follows: 1) the instruction fetch 738 performs the fetch and length decoding stages 702 and 704; 2) the decode unit 740 performs the decode stage 706; 3) the rename/allocator unit 752 performs the allocation stage 708 and renaming stage 710; 4) the scheduler unit(s) 756 performs the schedule stage 712; 5) the physical register file(s) unit(s) 758 and the memory unit 770 perform the register read/memory read stage 714; the execution cluster 760 perform the execute stage 716; 6) the memory unit 770 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 758 perform the write back/memory write stage 718; 7) various units may be involved in the exception handling stage 722; and 8) the retirement unit 754 and the physical register file(s) unit(s) 758 perform the commit stage 724.

The core 790 may support one or more instructions sets (e.g., the x86 instruction set (with some extensions that have been added with newer versions); the MIPS instruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale, Calif.; the ARM instruction set (with optional additional extensions such as NEON) of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.), including the instruction(s) described herein. In one embodiment, the core 790 includes logic to support a packed data instruction set extension (e.g., AVX1, AVX2), thereby allowing the operations used by many multimedia applications to be performed using packed data.

It should be understood that the core may support multithreading (executing two or more parallel sets of operations or threads), and may do so in a variety of ways including time sliced multithreading, simultaneous multithreading (where a single physical core provides a logical core for each of the threads that physical core is simultaneously multithreading), or a combination thereof (e.g., time sliced fetching and decoding and simultaneous multithreading thereafter such as in the Intel® Hyperthreading technology).

While register renaming is described in the context of out-of-order execution, it should be understood that register renaming may be used in an in-order architecture. While the illustrated embodiment of the processor also includes separate instruction and data cache units 734/774 and a shared L2 cache unit 776, alternative embodiments may have a single internal cache for both instructions and data, such as, for example, a Level 1 (L1) internal cache, or multiple levels of internal cache. In some embodiments, the system may include a combination of an internal cache and an external cache that is external to the core and/or the processor. Alternatively, all of the cache may be external to the core and/or the processor.

Specific Exemplary in-Order Core Architecture

FIGS. 8A-B illustrate a block diagram of a more specific exemplary in-order core architecture, which core would be one of several logic blocks (including other cores of the same type and/or different types) in a chip. The logic blocks communicate through a high-bandwidth interconnect network (e.g., a ring network) with some fixed function logic, memory I/O interfaces, and other necessary I/O logic, depending on the application.

FIG. 8A is a block diagram of a single processor core, along with its connection to the on-die interconnect network 802 and with its local subset of the Level 2 (L2) cache 804, according to embodiments of the invention. In one embodiment, an instruction decoder 800 supports the x86 instruction set with a packed data instruction set extension. An L1 cache 806 allows low-latency accesses to cache memory into the scalar and vector units. While in one embodiment (to simplify the design), a scalar unit 808 and a vector unit 810 use separate register sets (respectively, scalar registers 812 and vector registers 814) and data transferred between them is written to memory and then read back in from a level 1 (L1) cache 806, alternative embodiments of the invention may use a different approach (e.g., use a single register set or include a communication path that allow data to be transferred between the two register files without being written and read back).

The local subset of the L2 cache 804 is part of a global L2 cache that is divided into separate local subsets, one per processor core. Each processor core has a direct access path to its own local subset of the L2 cache 804. Data read by a processor core is stored in its L2 cache subset 804 and can be accessed quickly, in parallel with other processor cores accessing their own local L2 cache subsets. Data written by a processor core is stored in its own L2 cache subset 804 and is flushed from other subsets, if necessary. The ring network ensures coherency for shared data. The ring network is bi-directional to allow agents such as processor cores, L2 caches and other logic blocks to communicate with each other within the chip. Each ring data-path is 1012-bits wide per direction.

FIG. 8B is an expanded view of part of the processor core in FIG. 8A according to embodiments of the invention. FIG. 8B includes an L1 data cache 806A part of the L1 cache 804, as well as more detail regarding the vector unit 810 and the vector registers 814. Specifically, the vector unit 810 is a 16-wide vector processing unit (VPU) (see the 16-wide ALU 828), which executes one or more of integer, single-precision float, and double-precision float instructions. The VPU supports swizzling the register inputs with swizzle unit 820, numeric conversion with numeric convert units 822A-B, and replication with replication unit 824 on the memory input. Write mask registers 826 allow predicating resulting vector writes.

Processor with Integrated Memory Controller and Graphics

FIG. 9 is a block diagram of a processor 900 that may have more than one core, may have an integrated memory controller, and may have integrated graphics according to embodiments of the invention. The solid lined boxes in FIG. 9 illustrate a processor 900 with a single core 902A, a system agent 910, a set of one or more bus controller units 916, while the optional addition of the dashed lined boxes illustrates an alternative processor 900 with multiple cores 902A-N, a set of one or more integrated memory controller unit(s) 914 in the system agent unit 910, and special purpose logic 908.

Thus, different implementations of the processor 900 may include: 1) a CPU with the special purpose logic 908 being integrated graphics and/or scientific (throughput) logic (which may include one or more cores), and the cores 902A-N being one or more general purpose cores (e.g., general purpose in-order cores, general purpose out-of-order cores, a combination of the two); 2) a coprocessor with the cores 902A-N being a large number of special purpose cores intended primarily for graphics and/or scientific (throughput); and 3) a coprocessor with the cores 902A-N being a large number of general purpose in-order cores. Thus, the processor 900 may be a general-purpose processor, coprocessor or special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU (general purpose graphics processing unit), a high-throughput many integrated core (MIC) coprocessor (including 30 or more cores), embedded processor, or the like. The processor may be implemented on one or more chips. The processor 900 may be a part of and/or may be implemented on one or more substrates using any of a number of process technologies, such as, for example, BiCMOS, CMOS, or NMOS.

The memory hierarchy includes one or more levels of cache within the cores, a set or one or more shared cache units 906, and external memory (not shown) coupled to the set of integrated memory controller units 914. The set of shared cache units 906 may include one or more mid-level caches, such as level 2 (L2), level 3 (L3), level 4 (L4), or other levels of cache, a last level cache (LLC), and/or combinations thereof. While in one embodiment a ring based interconnect unit 912 interconnects the integrated graphics logic 908, the set of shared cache units 906, and the system agent unit 910/integrated memory controller unit(s) 914, alternative embodiments may use any number of well-known techniques for interconnecting such units. In one embodiment, coherency is maintained between one or more cache units 906 and cores 902-A-N.

In some embodiments, one or more of the cores 902A-N are capable of multi-threading. The system agent 910 includes those components coordinating and operating cores 902A-N. The system agent unit 910 may include for example a power control unit (PCU) and a display unit. The PCU may be or include logic and components needed for regulating the power state of the cores 902A-N and the integrated graphics logic 908. The display unit is for driving one or more externally connected displays.

The cores 902A-N may be homogenous or heterogeneous in terms of architecture instruction set; that is, two or more of the cores 902A-N may be capable of execution the same instruction set, while others may be capable of executing only a subset of that instruction set or a different instruction set.

Exemplary Computer Architectures

FIGS. 10-13 are block diagrams of exemplary computer architectures. Other system designs and configurations known in the arts for laptops, desktops, handheld PCs, personal digital assistants, engineering workstations, servers, network devices, network hubs, switches, embedded processors, digital signal processors (DSPs), graphics devices, video game devices, set-top boxes, micro controllers, cell phones, portable media players, hand held devices, and various other electronic devices, are also suitable. In general, a huge variety of systems or electronic devices capable of incorporating a processor and/or other execution logic as disclosed herein are generally suitable.

Referring now to FIG. 10, shown is a block diagram of a system 1000 in accordance with one embodiment of the present invention. The system 1000 may include one or more processors 1010, 1015, which are coupled to a controller hub 1020. In one embodiment the controller hub 1020 includes a graphics memory controller hub (GMCH) 1090 and an Input/Output Hub (IOH) 1050 (which may be on separate chips); the GMCH 1090 includes memory and graphics controllers to which are coupled memory 1040 and a coprocessor 1045; the IOH 1050 is couples input/output (I/O) devices 1060 to the GMCH 1090. Alternatively, one or both of the memory and graphics controllers are integrated within the processor (as described herein), the memory 1040 and the coprocessor 1045 are coupled directly to the processor 1010, and the controller hub 1020 in a single chip with the IOH 1050.

The optional nature of additional processors 1015 is denoted in FIG. 10 with broken lines. Each processor 1010, 1015 may include one or more of the processing cores described herein and may be some version of the processor 900.

The memory 1040 may be, for example, dynamic random access memory (DRAM), phase change memory (PCM), or a combination of the two. For at least one embodiment, the controller hub 1020 communicates with the processor(s) 1010, 1015 via a multi-drop bus, such as a frontside bus (FSB), point-to-point interface such as QuickPath Interconnect (QPI), or similar connection 1095.

In one embodiment, the coprocessor 1045 is a special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like. In one embodiment, controller hub 1020 may include an integrated graphics accelerator.

There can be a variety of differences between the physical resources 1010, 1015 in terms of a spectrum of metrics of merit including architectural, microarchitectural, thermal, power consumption characteristics, and the like.

In one embodiment, the processor 1010 executes instructions that control data processing operations of a general type. Embedded within the instructions may be coprocessor instructions. The processor 1010 recognizes these coprocessor instructions as being of a type that should be executed by the attached coprocessor 1045. Accordingly, the processor 1010 issues these coprocessor instructions (or control signals representing coprocessor instructions) on a coprocessor bus or other interconnect, to coprocessor 1045. Coprocessor(s) 1045 accept and execute the received coprocessor instructions.

Referring now to FIG. 11, shown is a block diagram of a first more specific exemplary system 1100 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. As shown in FIG. 11, multiprocessor system 1100 is a point-to-point interconnect system, and includes a first processor 1170 and a second processor 1180 coupled via a point-to-point interconnect 1150. Each of processors 1170 and 1180 may be some version of the processor 900. In one embodiment of the invention, processors 1170 and 1180 are respectively processors 1010 and 1015, while coprocessor 1138 is coprocessor 1045. In another embodiment, processors 1170 and 1180 are respectively processor 1010 coprocessor 1045.

Processors 1170 and 1180 are shown including integrated memory controller (IMC) units 1172 and 1182, respectively. Processor 1170 also includes as part of its bus controller units point-to-point (P-P) interfaces 1176 and 1178; similarly, second processor 1180 includes P-P interfaces 1186 and 1188. Processors 1170, 1180 may exchange information via a point-to-point (P-P) interface 1150 using P-P interface circuits 1178, 1188. As shown in FIG. 11, IMCs 1172 and 1182 couple the processors to respective memories, namely a memory 1132 and a memory 1134, which may be portions of main memory locally attached to the respective processors.

Processors 1170, 1180 may each exchange information with a chipset 1190 via individual P-P interfaces 1152, 1154 using point to point interface circuits 1176, 1194, 1186, 1198. Chipset 1190 may optionally exchange information with the coprocessor 1138 via a high-performance interface 1139. In one embodiment, the coprocessor 1138 is a special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a high-throughput MIC processor, a network or communication processor, compression engine, graphics processor, GPGPU, embedded processor, or the like.

A shared cache (not shown) may be included in either processor or outside of both processors, yet connected with the processors via P-P interconnect, such that either or both processors' local cache information may be stored in the shared cache if a processor is placed into a low power mode.

Chipset 1190 may be coupled to a first bus 1116 via an interface 1196. In one embodiment, first bus 1116 may be a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, or a bus such as a PCI Express bus or another third generation I/O interconnect bus, although the scope of the present invention is not so limited.

As shown in FIG. 11, various I/O devices 1114 may be coupled to first bus 1116, along with a bus bridge 1118 which couples first bus 1116 to a second bus 1120. In one embodiment, one or more additional processor(s) 1115, such as coprocessors, high-throughput MIC processors, GPGPU's, accelerators (such as, e.g., graphics accelerators or digital signal processing (DSP) units), field programmable gate arrays, or any other processor, are coupled to first bus 1116. In one embodiment, second bus 1120 may be a low pin count (LPC) bus. Various devices may be coupled to a second bus 1120 including, for example, a keyboard and/or mouse 1122, communication devices 1127 and a storage unit 1128 such as a disk drive or other mass storage device which may include instructions/code and data 1130, in one embodiment. Further, an audio I/O 1124 may be coupled to the second bus 1120. Note that other architectures are possible. For example, instead of the point-to-point architecture of FIG. 11, a system may implement a multi-drop bus or other such architecture.

Referring now to FIG. 12, shown is a block diagram of a second more specific exemplary system 1200 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Like elements in FIGS. 11 and 12 bear like reference numerals, and certain aspects of FIG. 11 have been omitted from FIG. 12 in order to avoid obscuring other aspects of FIG. 12.

FIG. 12 illustrates that the processors 1170, 1180 may include integrated memory and I/O control logic (“CL”) 1172 and 1182, respectively. Thus, the CL 1172, 1182 include integrated memory controller units and include I/O control logic. FIG. 12 illustrates that not only are the memories 1132, 1134 coupled to the CL 1172, 1182, but also that I/O devices 1214 are also coupled to the control logic 1172, 1182. Legacy I/O devices 1215 are coupled to the chipset 1190.

Referring now to FIG. 13, shown is a block diagram of a SoC 1300 in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention. Similar elements in FIG. 9 bear like reference numerals. Also, dashed lined boxes are optional features on more advanced SoCs. In FIG. 13, an interconnect unit(s) 1302 is coupled to: an application processor 1310 which includes a set of one or more cores 202A-N and shared cache unit(s) 906; a system agent unit 910; a bus controller unit(s) 916; an integrated memory controller unit(s) 914; a set or one or more coprocessors 1320 which may include integrated graphics logic, an image processor, an audio processor, and a video processor; an static random access memory (SRAM) unit 1330; a direct memory access (DMA) unit 1332; and a display unit 1340 for coupling to one or more external displays. In one embodiment, the coprocessor(s) 1320 include a special-purpose processor, such as, for example, a network or communication processor, compression engine, GPGPU, a high-throughput MIC processor, embedded processor, or the like.

Embodiments of the mechanisms disclosed herein may be implemented in hardware, software, firmware, or a combination of such implementation approaches. Embodiments of the invention may be implemented as computer programs or program code executing on programmable systems comprising at least one processor, a storage system (including volatile and non-volatile memory and/or storage elements), at least one input device, and at least one output device.

Program code, such as code 1130 illustrated in FIG. 11, may be applied to input instructions to perform the functions described herein and generate output information. The output information may be applied to one or more output devices, in known fashion. For purposes of this application, a processing system includes any system that has a processor, such as, for example; a digital signal processor (DSP), a microcontroller, an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), or a microprocessor.

The program code may be implemented in a high level procedural or object oriented programming language to communicate with a processing system. The program code may also be implemented in assembly or machine language, if desired. In fact, the mechanisms described herein are not limited in scope to any particular programming language. In any case, the language may be a compiled or interpreted language.

One or more aspects of at least one embodiment may be implemented by representative instructions stored on a machine-readable medium which represents various logic within the processor, which when read by a machine causes the machine to fabricate logic to perform the techniques described herein. Such representations, known as “IP cores” may be stored on a tangible, machine readable medium and supplied to various customers or manufacturing facilities to load into the fabrication machines that actually make the logic or processor.

Such machine-readable storage media may include, without limitation, non-transitory, tangible arrangements of articles manufactured or formed by a machine or device, including storage media such as hard disks, any other type of disk including floppy disks, optical disks, compact disk read-only memories (CD-ROMs), compact disk rewritable's (CD-RWs), and magneto-optical disks, semiconductor devices such as read-only memories (ROMs), random access memories (RAMs) such as dynamic random access memories (DRAMs), static random access memories (SRAMs), erasable programmable read-only memories (EPROMs), flash memories, electrically erasable programmable read-only memories (EEPROMs), phase change memory (PCM), magnetic or optical cards, or any other type of media suitable for storing electronic instructions.

Accordingly, embodiments of the invention also include non-transitory, tangible machine-readable media containing instructions or containing design data, such as Hardware Description Language (HDL), which defines structures, circuits, apparatuses, processors and/or system features described herein. Such embodiments may also be referred to as program products.

Emulation (including binary translation, code morphing, etc.)

In some cases, an instruction converter may be used to convert an instruction from a source instruction set to a target instruction set. For example, the instruction converter may translate (e.g., using static binary translation, dynamic binary translation including dynamic compilation), morph, emulate, or otherwise convert an instruction to one or more other instructions to be processed by the core. The instruction converter may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. The instruction converter may be on processor, off processor, or part on and part off processor.

FIG. 14 is a block diagram contrasting the use of a software instruction converter to convert binary instructions in a source instruction set to binary instructions in a target instruction set according to embodiments of the invention. In the illustrated embodiment, the instruction converter is a software instruction converter, although alternatively the instruction converter may be implemented in software, firmware, hardware, or various combinations thereof. FIG. 14 shows a program in a high level language 1402 may be compiled using an x86 compiler 1404 to generate x86 binary code 1406 that may be natively executed by a processor with at least one x86 instruction set core 1416. The processor with at least one x86 instruction set core 1416 represents any processor that can perform substantially the same functions as an Intel processor with at least one x86 instruction set core by compatibly executing or otherwise processing (1) a substantial portion of the instruction set of the Intel x86 instruction set core or (2) object code versions of applications or other software targeted to run on an Intel processor with at least one x86 instruction set core, in order to achieve substantially the same result as an Intel processor with at least one x86 instruction set core. The x86 compiler 1404 represents a compiler that is operable to generate x86 binary code 1406 (e.g., object code) that can, with or without additional linkage processing, be executed on the processor with at least one x86 instruction set core 1416. Similarly, FIG. 14 shows the program in the high level language 1402 may be compiled using an alternative instruction set compiler 1408 to generate alternative instruction set binary code 1410 that may be natively executed by a processor without at least one x86 instruction set core 1414 (e.g., a processor with cores that execute the MIPS instruction set of MIPS Technologies of Sunnyvale, Calif. and/or that execute the ARM instruction set of ARM Holdings of Sunnyvale, Calif.). The instruction converter 1412 is used to convert the x86 binary code 1406 into code that may be natively executed by the processor without an x86 instruction set core 1414. This converted code is not likely to be the same as the alternative instruction set binary code 1410 because an instruction converter capable of this is difficult to make; however, the converted code will accomplish the general operation and be made up of instructions from the alternative instruction set. Thus, the instruction converter 1412 represents software, firmware, hardware, or a combination thereof that, through emulation, simulation or any other process, allows a processor or other electronic device that does not have an x86 instruction set processor or core to execute the x86 binary code 1406. 

We claim:
 1. An hardware apparatus comprising: an input buffer to store incoming data from a compressed stream; a selector to select at least one byte stored in the input buffer; a decoder to decode the selected at least one byte and determine if the decoded at least one byte is a literal or a symbol, an overlap condition, a size of a record from the decoded stream, a length value of the data to be retrieved from the decoded stream, and an offset value for the decoded data; and a token format converter to convert the decoded data and data from source and destination offset base registers into a fixed-length token.
 2. The hardware apparatus of claim 1, wherein the input buffer is to store 8 byte values and the selector to select up to 5 bytes from the values of the input buffer.
 3. The hardware apparatus of claim 1, wherein the decoder to further generate a pointer to be used by the selector in its selection of at least one byte from the decoded stream.
 4. The hardware apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is external to a processor core.
 5. The hardware apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus is internal to a processor core.
 6. The hardware apparatus of claim 1, wherein the decoder to output the determinations to a register.
 7. The hardware apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fixed length token is 5 bytes in size.
 8. The hardware apparatus of claim 1, wherein the fixed length token includes fields for source offset, destination offset, an indication of literal or symbol, an update indication, an indication of if the literal or symbol is too long, a length of the literal or symbol, and an indication of overlap between the input and output streams.
 9. A method comprising: loading a record from a stream of a compressed stream; creating a signed source offset for a source pointer for the decoded stream; determining a non-accelerator based slow path of decompression is to be used; after the determining, testing if the decoded data is a literal, wherein when the decoded data is a literal switching the source pointer for the literal to be for the compressed stream and when the decoded data is a symbol making the source pointer to be a base register plus a signed offset into the decompressed stream; loading the symbol or literal from an appropriate stream; and storing the loaded symbol or literal.
 10. The method of claim 9, wherein the decoded stream is an LZ77 stream.
 11. The method of claim 9 wherein the information for the determining a non-accelerator based slow path of decompression is provided by a token output from a hardware accelerator.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the output of the hardware accelerator is a fixed length token that include fields for source offset, destination offset, an indication of literal or symbol, an update indication, an indication of if the literal or symbol is too long, a length of the literal or symbol, and an indication of overlap between the input and output streams.
 13. An hardware apparatus comprising: an input buffer to store incoming data from a compressed stream uses LZ77 based compression; a selector to select at least one byte stored in the input buffer; a decoder to decode the selected at least one byte and determine if the decoded at least one byte is a literal or a symbol, an overlap condition, a size of a record from the decoded stream, a length value of the data to be retrieved from the decoded stream, and an offset value for the decoded data; and a token format converter to convert the decoded data and data from source and destination offset base registers into a fixed-length token.
 14. The hardware apparatus of claim 13, wherein the input buffer is to store 8 byte values and the selector to select up to 5 bytes from the values of the input buffer.
 15. The hardware apparatus of claim 13, wherein the decoder to further generate a pointer to be used by the selector in its selection of at least one byte from the decoded stream.
 16. The hardware apparatus of claim 13, wherein a length of a litter is up to 4 GB.
 17. The hardware apparatus of claim 13, wherein the fixed length token is 5 bytes in size.
 18. The hardware apparatus of claim 13, wherein the fixed length token includes fields for source offset, destination offset, an indication of literal or symbol, an update indication, an indication of if the literal or symbol is too long, a length of the literal or symbol, and an indication of overlap between the input and output streams.
 19. The hardware apparatus of claim 13, wherein the compressed stream is Snappy compressed. 